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Yiddish dialects are variants of the Yiddish language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish should be divided in distinct Eastern and Western dialects. From Eastern Yiddish, Northeastern dialects were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, while Southern dialects of Yiddish are now the most commonly spoken, preserved by many Hasidic communities. ==Varieties== Yiddish dialects are generally grouped into either Western Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish.〔See (Western Yiddish )〕〔See (Eastern Yiddish ).〕 Western Yiddish developed from the 10th century in Western Europe, in the region which was called Ashkenaz by Jews, while Eastern Yiddish developed its distinctive features in Eastern Europe after the movement of large numbers of Jews from western to central and eastern Europe. General references to the "Yiddish language" without qualification are normally taken to apply to Eastern Yiddish, unless the subject under consideration is Yiddish literature prior to the 19th century, in which case the focus is more likely to be on Western Yiddish. Western Yiddish included three dialects: Northwestern (spoken in Northern Germany and the Netherlands), Midwestern (spoken in central Germany), and Southwestern (spoken in southern Germany, France, and neighboring regions extending into Northern Italy). These have a number of clearly distinguished regional varieties, such as Judeo-Alsatian, plus many local subvarieties. The language traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace is ''Yédisch-Daïtsch'' or Judeo-Alsatian,〔(Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien ) 〕 originally a mixture of German, Hebrew and Aramaic idioms and virtually indistinguishable from mainstream Yiddish. From the 12th century onwards, due among other things to the influence of the nearby Rashi school, French linguistic elements aggregated as well, and from the 18th century onwards, some Polish elements due to immigrants blended into Yédisch-Daïtsch too.〔(Structure du parler judéo-alsacien ) 〕 According to C. J. Hutterer (1969), "In western and central Europe the WY dialects must have died out within a short time during the period of reforms following the Enlightenment."〔(Western Yiddish )〕 Western Yiddish is no longer spoken natively.〔(Yiddish Dialects )〕 Eastern Yiddish is split into Northern and Southern dialects.〔 Northeastern Yiddish, also known as ''Litvish'' or ''Lithuanian Yiddish'', was spoken in modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine, and western Russia.〔 The Southern dialects are again subdivided: ''Mideastern'' or ''Polish Yiddish'' was spoken in Poland, western Galicia and much of Hungary, while ''Southeastern'' or ''Ukrainian Yiddish'' was spoken in Volhynia, Podolia, and Bessarabia (Romania).〔〔Some authors use the term "Southeastern Yiddish" as a collective designation for both ''Poylish'' and ''Ukrainish'' while still applying the term Northeastern Yiddish to ''Litvish''.〕 Ukrainian Yiddish was the basis for standard theater Yiddish, while Lithuanian Yiddish was the basis of standard literary and academic Yiddish.〔〔The latter differs slightly from Lithuanian Yiddish in that many words with /oj/ in the standard have /ej/ in Lithuanian Yiddish, e.g. וואוין = Standard /vojn/, Lithuanian /vejn/. See 〕 About three-quarters of contemporary Yiddish speakers speak Southern Yiddish varieties, the majority speaking Polish Yiddish.〔 Most Hasidic communities use southern dialects, with the exception of Chabad which uses ''Litvish''; many Chareidim in Jerusalem also preserve Litvish Yiddish.〔 Jews from Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan (the Udmurt Jewry, the Yiddish appellation is ''"dos udmurtishe yidntum"'') formed the local dialect on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. no. 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) 〕 as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt dialect (''Udmurtish'') was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi (see the rural Jewish community of Alnashsky District), Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny).〔 One of the characteristic features of the Udmurt dialect is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.〔Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., ("A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". ) Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51.〕〔(Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." ) Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. 〕 The primary differences between the contemporary dialects are in the quality of stressed vowels, though there are also differences in morphology, lexicon, and grammar.〔 Northern dialects are more conservative in vowel quality, while southern dialects have preserved vowel quantity distinctions.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yiddish dialects」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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